Skip to main content

JDRF has now rebranded to Breakthrough T1D.
Our name has changed, our mission has not.

Cure research

Our cure research will give people with type 1 diabetes the ability to make their own insulin again.
Content last reviewed and updated: 24.09.2024

In this section

A photo down a microscope of beta cell regeneration - an approach to type 1 diabetes cure research.

Is there a cure for type 1 diabetes?

A cure for type 1 diabetes means different things to different people. In terms of biology, a cure for type 1 must do two things:

  • stop the immune system destroying the cells that make insulin
  • replace the insulin-producing cells which have been lost

While we don’t have a cure yet, our researchers are working on lots of different ways to develop one. Explore our current cure research projects to discover more about how our world-class scientists in the UK are working on cures for type 1.

Which cells make insulin?

Specialised cells in the pancreas called beta cells make and release insulin. They are found in clumps of around a hundred cells in the pancreas, called the Islets of Langerhans – or islets for short.

A large part of the cure research we fund is about understanding beta cells and islets. This includes how they grow, how they stay healthy and how we can give new cells to people with type 1.

Find out more about beta cells.

Can we replace damaged beta cells?

Islet transplants from donors

Islet transplants take islets from organ donors’ pancreases and put them into people who are really struggling to manage their type 1. Islet transplants allow the recipient to live without giving themselves insulin or managing their blood glucose levels.

But islet transplants are a last resort because people who have received islet transplants need to take immunosuppressant drugs so that their bodies don’t attack the new cells. These drugs make people incredibly vulnerable to infection and disease. Plus, the transplanted islets gradually decline in function, so people need multiple transplants over their life. With a shortage of pancreas donors, this means very few people can benefit from islet transplants.

With the Medical Research Council, we are co-funding a clinical researcher called Daniel Doherty to make islet transplants work better, for longer, so they can help more people with type 1.

Growing new beta cells in the lab

To combat the lack of donor islets, some researchers are trying to grow beta cells in their labs. They are using stem cells, which are cells that can develop into other cells, including beta cells.

For years, we funded a researcher called Professor Doug Melton who pioneered the process of growing beta cells from stem cells. He is now part of the team at Vertex Pharmaceuticals who are giving people with type 1 these lab-grown beta cells in clinical trials.

We are currently funding Dr Rocio Sancho and Dr Fiona Docherty, who are both trying to grow highly functional beta cells in the UK.

How can we stop the immune system attacking beta cells?

If people with type 1 receive replacement beta cells, their immune system is still primed to destroy these new cells. To cure type 1, we also need to find ways to stop the immune attack. Our researchers are trying different ways to protect beta cells from the immune attack from retraining the immune system to hiding beta cells in protective coatings.

Immunology research

The immune system is finely tuned and can usually regulate itself so that it doesn’t attack healthy tissue in the body. This system goes awry in type 1 diabetes, but we don’t yet understand why.

UK researchers are currently developing treatments that will help to cure type 1 – and prevent it too. Clinical trials have shown that seven drugs that target the immune system (known as immune therapies or immunotherapies) can slow the progression of type 1.

Find out more about immunotherapies and our immune therapy research.

Encapsulation: hiding beta cells from the immune system

Encapsulation means putting precious beta cells in a protective casing before giving them to people with type 1. The capsules around the beta cells protect them from the immune system, working a bit like a sieve. Tiny holes in the coating allow nutrients to fit through, enabling the cells to live and work well. But the holes are not wide enough to allow anything as big as an immune cell to get inside.

Vertex Pharmaceuticals (the company making beta cells from stem cells) are developing an encapsulation system to protect their beta cells, which they are currently testing in clinical trials in the US and Canada.

We are co-funding Dr Victoria Salem’s Senior Research Fellowship as part of the Type 1 Diabetes Grand Challenge, in which she is developing a jelly-like device linked to a blood supply to enclose beta cells within. Read more about Dr Salem’s encapsulation research project.

Regeneration: Can we regrow people’s own beta cells?

Regrowing beta cells would mean getting cells in the body to produce insulin. This could be encouraging them to regrow new beta cells or reprogramming other cells to make insulin.

Reprogramming other pancreatic cells to make insulin

Research shows that another type of cell which grows alongside beta cells in the islets, called alpha cells, could be reprogrammed to make insulin. Alpha cells make the hormone glucagon and are undamaged by the immune system in type 1 diabetes, so people with type 1 still have plenty of them.

As the cells are very similar in how they develop and how they work, ‘switching’ these cells into beta cells may be more straightforward than using another cell type. Breakthrough T1D UK-funded researchers in Australia have made another type of pancreatic cell, called ductal cells, release insulin. Learn more about this research.

Turning beta cell replication back on

Throughout life there are times when we need to grow more beta cells – for example as we grow from childhood to adulthood, or during pregnancy.

We know that people with type 1, even those who’ve lived with it for many years, have some beta cells remaining. These cells make a perfect target for attempting to regenerate the cells that were lost. So, researchers are trying to find the natural triggers that control beta cell growth and use them to turn the system back on in people with type 1.

We are co-funding Dr James Cantley’s Type 1 Diabetes Grand Challenge project to regrow beta cells directly in the pancreases of people with type 1 diabetes. Read more about Dr Cantley’s regeneration research.

 

Explore more cure research

Read more
A microscopic image of immune cells in the spleen. Immune therapies are being researched as part of trying to find a cure for type 1 diabetes.

Immune therapies

Drugs that target our immune system are called immune therapies or immunotherapies.

Read more
Beta cells shown under a microscope

Beta cells

Beta cells make, store and release insulin.

Read more
A girl with type 1 diabetes after a teplizumab injection

FAQs about teplizumab

Our answers to frequently asked questions about teplizumab, the first disease-modifying drug for type 1 diabetes.

Funding cure research

Globe with a dollar coin blue icon
$1b

Globally, in the last five years, Breakthrough T1D has directed more than $1 billion to cure type 1 diabetes and improve lives

Droplet dropping onto petri dish blue icon
80%

80% of all Breakthrough T1D research funding is spent specifically on research to cure type 1

Medical file documents blue icon
19

Breakthrough T1D is currently funding 19 clinical trials around the world

Cure research projects

Read more
Professor Colin Dayan at Cardiff University, working on immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes cure research
Cure research project

Bigger, smarter, faster research into immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes

This award will help to fund the next generation of immunotherapy research, enabling more efficient clinical trials, in more locations, so that promising treatments can reach people sooner.

Read more
Professor Colin Dayan at Cardiff University
Cure research project

Better immunotherapy clinical trials for type 1 diabetes

This project aims to overcome two major roadblocks to developing and licensing immunotherapies for people newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.

Read more
Dr Gavin Bewick, a type 1 diabetes cure researcher, working on a project around beta cells and the immune system, in his lab.
Cure research project

Protecting beta cells from the immune system

Dr Bewick is exploring ways to improve the health, performance and number of beta cells in the body, so that people with type 1 can be less reliant on insulin pumps and injections – or even, one day, live without them completely.

Read more
A type 1 diabetes researcher on Dr Rocio Sancho's team, working in the lab
Cure research project

What conditions are best for growing beta cells from stem cells?

This project is looking at a new way to turn stem cells into beta cells in the lab, to better understand what conditions make this process happen efficiently.

Read more
Dr Gavin Bewick, a type 1 diabetes researcher working on developing a drug to protect beta cells, in his lab.
Cure research project

Developing a drug to protect insulin-producing beta cells

Dr Gavin Bewick is a researcher at King’s College London whose research focuses on the cells in the pancreas which produce and release insulin, the beta cells. He is currently developing a drug to protect these beta cells.

Read more
Dr Fiona Doherty, a type 1 diabetes cure researcher, working on beta cells research, in her lab.
Cure research project

Growing beta cells in the lab from stem cells

We have awarded Dr Fiona Docherty from the University of Birmingham funding to grow insulin-producing beta cells from stem cells, which can divide and grow forever and can make any cell type in the body.

Read more
Dr Rocio Sancho, type 1 diabetes beta cells researcher at Kings College London
Cure research project

Creating a more human-like environment to grow beta cells

Dr Rocio Sancho is a leading a team of researchers at Kings College London, thanks to a grant from Breakthrough T1D UK. Rocio’s research team are trying to grow better insulin-producing beta cells in their lab by enhancing the gel they grow them in.

Cure research news

Read more
Professor Doug Melton
Treatment research
21 October 2021

Type 1 diabetes research progress: New stem cell therapy can reduce need for insulin by 91%

The first person to receive a new stem cell-derived therapy for type 1 diabetes, VX-880, has been found to need 91% less daily insulin 90 days after receiving just half the target dose.

Read more
Reprogramming type 1 diabetes cells to produce insulin again
Cure research
29 July 2022

JDRF researchers reprogramme donor type 1 pancreas cells to produce insulin

In a project funded by JDRF, scientists have turned on a gene in cells from a person with type 1 diabetes that allows them to produce insulin again.

Read more
Dr Victoria Salem
Research funding
27 March 2023

Type 1 Diabetes Grand Challenge invests £5 million to kick off the race towards a cure

We’re excited to reveal the first research projects funded by the Type 1 Diabetes Grand Challenge, our partnership with the Steve Morgan Foundation and Diabetes UK.